IRB Intro Post #2

Throughout the second quarter of the school year, I will be reading Politics, written by Aristotle circa 330 BCE. Aristotle laid the foundation of many current political policies and concepts, and I have an interest in observing the development of these political ideas. Likewise, supporting my interest in psychology and human nature, much of Aristotle’s writing focuses on the effective organization of humans to then achieve an effective governing body. Aristotle, as defined on the back cover, sought to define the exact balance between branches of government, a concept that is currently being replicated in 21st century America. I hope to gain a greater understanding of human nature and organization in order to form my own principles, in turn allowing me to be involved as a politically informed citizen.

TOW #9 – “Just Ducky” from Tom and Jerry

The 77^th episode of Tom and Jerry, “Just Ducky,” was produced in 1953 by Fred Quimby and serves to entertain a younger audience and promote humanitarianism to that target demographic (“Tom and Jerry”). While the cat and mouse combo continually antagonize each other throughout the episode with astounding resilience, this particular episode shows the importance of companionship via the use personification of the animated characters, as well as humor. Throughout the episode, the cat Tom antagonizes the innocent mouse Jerry and duck Quacker. The animals, able to walk and on occasion even talk like humans, are easily relatable, especially to the young children who would ordinarily watch cartoons like this one. The animals express an understanding close to that of humans, capable of having more complex thoughts that are not expected from them. Following the light mischief between Tom and Jerry, Tom accidentally falls into a lake after chasing Quacker. Unable to swim, Tom splashes around until Quacker, also unable to swim, jumps in after him to help. This scene specifically demonstrates the importance of humanitarian assistance to a younger demographic under the cliché relationship between a cat and mouse. Likewise, the directors’ use of humor is very significant to entertaining the audience and establishing an occasion in the show. With most of their actions, the animals do not sustain lasting injuries. For example, Tom is shattered with a brick at 1:14 but is miraculously present at 1:21, which allows the writers to include the playful fighting without continuing a narrative, making impactful moments like Quacker saving Tom more significant. This humor plays a significant role in engaging the audience because as shown, most Tom and Jerry cartoons make a strong appeal to pathos, which is often more intuitive to younger children than ethos or logos. Via the use of personification and humor, Quimby teaches a fundamental lesson about companionship, showing that even polar opposites, like a large cat versus a small mouse and duck, can work towards a common good.

Works Cited

Quimby, Fred, director. “Just Ducky.” Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1953, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIeHdbLca7o.

“Tom and Jerry Theatrical Cartoon Series.” The Big Cartoon Database, www.bcdb.com/bcdb/cartoon.cgi?film=3100.

TOW #8 – "Killing Lincoln: The Shocking Assassination That Changed America Forever"

Killing Lincoln: The Shocking Assassination That Changed America Forever by Bill O’Reilly and Martin Dugard details the events leading up to and directly following President Lincoln’s assassination. O’Reilly and Dugard focus on the influences Lincoln had on the nation, which gives a particular context to the devastating impacts John Wilkes Booth’s attack on Lincoln had on America. The host of a FOX news show, O’Reilly is famous as a historian (Editors), and as is Dugard for writing historical texts (Dugard). Most relevant to the intention of explaining the impact of the assassination, the authors manipulate syntax by concluding chapters with small sentences to leave a lasting message for the audience. For example, after explaining John Wilkes Booth’s convoluted plotting, the coauthors simply conclude, “John Wilkes Booth is expecting them” (O’Reilly and Dugard 176). Following pages of very detailed information, O’Reilly and Dugard effectively use these short statements to summarize most generally what was happening, as well as to generate an appeal to pathos. This short, albeit complete sentence contributes largely to the authors’ purpose of explaining how large an event Lincoln’s death truly was. Furthermore, following the attack on Lincoln, the coauthors employ anaphora to emphasize the immense impacts Lincoln’s brain (in itself an example of synecdoche) had on the nation: “It struggled with war… It imagined stirring speeches that knit the country together… It guided [the signing of] the Emancipation Proclamation, giving four million slaves their freedom” (O’Reilly and Dugard 229). Including this background information argues the validity of the title, that Lincoln’s death truly did change America. The parallel structure achieved using anaphora contributes to building an extensive list of Lincoln’s impacts, further showing the audience the context of Lincoln’s death. All of the items in the list serve to explain Lincoln’s positive contributions to the American government, helping the authors explain fully why Booth's attack on Lincoln negatively impacted America. Via the multiple devices employed, including the syntax of small sentences and anaphora, the coauthors successfully achieved their purpose of explaining the large, devastating impact that Booth's assassination of Lincoln had on America.

Works Cited

Dugard, Martin. “About.” Martin Dugard, http://www.martindugard.com/about/.

Editors, Biography.com. “Bill O'Reilly Biography.” The Biography.com Website, A&E Networks Television, 2015, http://www.biography.com/people/bill-oreilly-9542547#personal-life.

O'Reilly, Bill, and Martin Dugard. Killing Lincoln: The Shocking Assassination That Changed America Forever. 1st ed., New York, Henry Holt and Co., 2011.

TOW #7 – “No. 10: The Same Subject Continued” from The Federalist Papers

James Madison, also known as the “Father of the Constitution,” made significant contributions to The Federalist Papers, valuable documents that served to defend the United States Constitution shortly after it was created (“James Madison”). Along with Alexander Hamilton and James Jay, Madison sought to defend the newly-created Constitution, which encompassed ideas of republicanism, as well as democracy. Arguably one of the most influential essays in The Federalist Papers was Madison’s “No. 10: The Same Subject Continued.” In this text, Madison used two prominent rhetorical devices, metaphors and hypophora, to defend the arguments made by the Constitution. While explaining the relationship between liberty and disunity, Madison stated, “Liberty is to faction what air is to fire, an aliment without which it instantly expires” (Hamilton 73). Madison, comparing faction to fire, claimed that while taking away liberty would destroy any chance for disunity, liberties must be protected and factions supported in a republic. By comparing this removal of rights to extinguishing a fire, Madison appeals to pathos in his audience, encouraging them to keep the noble flame of revolution alive. Furthermore, Madison employs hypophora in his essay to answer critical questions that would have been asked in the historical context in which The Federalist Papers was written. Madison asks, “Does it, in fine, consist in the greater obstacles opposed to the concert and accomplishment of the secret wishes of an unjust and interested majority,” to which he responds, “Here again the extent of the Union gives it the most palpable advantage” (Hamilton 78-79). Madison is essentially claiming that the republic established by the Constitution will support all persons beyond the majority of the population, which was a large motivating factor for the Revolution to occur in the first place. By defending this principle, Madison shows that the Constitution is representative of what the people wanted from a new government following British rule. Because Madison used logical reasoning to support his claims, and with the incorporation of rhetorical devices like metaphors and hypophora, Madison effectively argued in favor of the Constitution, assisting in the adoption and acceptance of the document as a governing entity.

Works Cited

Hamilton, Alexander et al. “No. 10: The Same Subject Continued.” The Federalist Papers, Edited by Clinton Rossiter, Signet Classics, United States, NY, 2003, pp. 71–79.

“James Madison's Contribution to the Constitution.” America's Library, Library of Congress, www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/madison/aa_madison_father_2.html.

TOW #6 - “The Media’s Moment of Truth”

Frank Bruni, who has been a journalist for the New York Times for more than 20 years and even acted as a White House correspondent, comments on the media’s responsibility for Trump’s success in his editorial “The Media’s Moment of Truth” (“Biography”). Written with confidence that Trump will lose the presidential election, this editorial is primarily written to democrats and others who recognize that Trump is not the best candidate for President of the United States. With this acknowledged, Bruni focuses less on exemplifying Trump’s political blunders, but rather on the pivotal role the media had in supporting bad candidates in order to prevent the media from interrupting the essence of democracy. Bruni has multiple uses of parallel structure to emphasize the media’s large role in supporting Trump: “Was he ridiculous? Beyond measure. Relevant? Beyond doubt” (Bruni), and “His reckoning comes on Nov. 8. Ours comes shortly after that” (Bruni). The first quotation gives context as to why the media would possibly provide coverage for Trump: he is not an ordinary candidate; he is willing to make unsubstantiated statements that lend themselves perfectly to news headlines. Additionally, Bruni concludes the essay saying that while Trump will get the immediate results of the election on November 8^th, the American population will be tasked with a serious question about the role of media in politics. Bruni also used invective to deliver his message, stating “Trump’s mendacity, viciousness, vulgarity and lack of preparation encouraged a kind of political journalism that […] can’t become the new normal, not in a country that’s already this polarized” (Bruni). Bruni, describing Trump’s character with a string of charged nouns, used this invective to deliver his message that it is dangerous for the media to provide coverage for candidates who are unqualified to be the next President. In his editorial, Bruni provides a solid argument that systemic reforms must be made within the profession of media coverage to prevent unqualified candidates from becoming President. With support of the advanced rhetoric used to drive Bruni’s claims, the argument that the media should not support a candidate like Donald Trump is very stable, creating a motive to change the way media covers future elections in order to preserve democracy.

 Works Cited

“Biography: Frank Bruni.” The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/ref/dining/bruni-bio.html.

Bruni, Frank. “The Media's Moment of Truth.” The New York Times, 23 Oct. 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/23/opinion/sunday/the-medias-moment-of-truth.html?ref=opinion&_r=0.

TOW #5 - Minimum Wage Political Cartoon by Nick Anderson

Nick Anderson, who won the Pulitzer Prize in 2005 for his cartoons (“Nick Anderson”), produced a political cartoon in 2013 that brings attention to the wide gap between economic classes in the United States of America. In the cartoon, a person is holding a sign that reads, “Raise the minimum wage,” and right next to them is a single bill and three coins (“Minimum Wage”). One the opposite side of the visual text, a business man is on top of an enormous mound of money, exclaiming “Your greed is hurting the economy!” (“Minimum Wage”). Anderson juxtaposes these greatly different economic situations to effectively show the disparity between economic classes in the United States and elicit change. Because the lower and middle classes do not need any explanation for why the minimum wage should be increased federally, this cartoon was produced specifically for those in the upper class who insist that increasing the minimum wage would only harm the economy. The irony presented in this cartoon is very obvious: the rich man, claiming that the lower classes are being greedy by protesting for a wage increase, is standing on a huge mound of money (“Minimum Wage”). Anderson makes this connection very clear in the political cartoon, as he portrays the businessman as immature and avaricious by showing him yelling and pointing. As explained, Anderson uses hyperbole to depict the protester as being very poor. The exaggeration of the lower class having one bill and a couple of coins is important to deliver the irony in the cartoon, showing the upper class that the minimum wage actually should be increased. Anderson’s use of juxtaposition, irony, and hyperbole generate an appeal to pathos, and while it is partially aggressive and would not achieve immediate sympathy, the gap of wealth is made evident to those in the upper class, allowing them to see why the minimum wage should be increased.

[Minimum wage political cartoon by Nick Anderson, found at the source ("Minimum Wage")]

Works Cited

“Minimum Wage.” Understanding Fiscal Responsibility, Columbia University, http://teachufr.org/tag/minimum-wage/.

“Nick Anderson.” AAEC, The Association of American Editorial Cartoonists, http://editorialcartoonists.com/cartoonist/profile.cfm/andern/#speaker.

TOW #4 - "Killing Lincoln: The Shocking Assassination That Changed America Forever"

Written by Bill O’Reilly and Martin Dugard, Killing Lincoln: The Shocking Assassination That Changed America Forever is a nonfiction text that analyzes the context of Lincoln’s tragic assassination. O’Reilly, who runs his own news program on FOX News (Editors), and Dugard, who has a history of producing historical works (Dugard), co-wrote Killing Lincoln to explain the historical context in which President Lincoln, the executive leader of the Union Army during the Civil War, was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. This text provides a high level of written analysis via the narrative style, which allows the coauthors to emphasize the relevance of specific events to Lincoln’s assassination. During the first portion of the text, the authors use anaphora to elaborate on tensions between General Meade and General-in-Chief Grant of the Union Army: “The problem, in a nutshell, is the unspoken rivalry between infantry and cavalry—between the unglamorous and the swashbuckling” (O’Reilly and Dugard 49). In the repetition, the writers juxtapose two charged antonyms, which not only contributes to the educated audience’s understanding of the tensions within the Union Army, but also heightens the audience's understanding of the immense responsibilities that President Lincoln was faced with. The authors later directly comment on John Wilkes Booth’s disturbing level of control with both a metaphor and a simile, claiming that “Booth is fighting the Civil War on his terms, using his talents, choreographing the action like a great director” (O’Reilly and Dugard 93-94). Booth did not fight for the Confederate Army, but rather independently planned to assassinate the leader of the Union, or as O’Reilly and Dugard stated, “[fought] the Civil War on his terms” (93). O’Reilly and Dugard also use a simile comparing Booth to a “great director” (94) which is carefully selected diction that displays Booth’s frightening level of control while plotting the attack. In the context it was written, the seemingly positive connotation of “great” only represents Booth’s own distorted perception; the authors recognize his twisted, villainous nature. The first portion of the text does offer the important historical context of the Civil War, which was a period of polar disunity. Because the coauthors address this critical factor of the historical context, the tragic event of Lincoln’s assassination is presented with relevant background information for the educated audience, allowing them to become more knowledgeable.

Works Cited

Dugard, Martin. “About.” Martin Dugard, http://www.martindugard.com/about/.

Editors, Biography.com. “Bill O'Reilly Biography.” The Biography.com Website, A&E Networks Television, 2015, http://www.biography.com/people/bill-oreilly-9542547#personal-life.

O'Reilly, Bill, and Martin Dugard. Killing Lincoln: The Shocking Assassination That Changed America Forever. 1st ed., New York, Henry Holt and Co., 2011.